Endometrial Cancer

Understanding Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is the most common type of uterine cancer and is often detected at an early stage due to noticeable symptoms.

Types of Endometrial Cancer

There are different types of endometrial cancer, including:

• Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, often detected early and highly treatable.
• Serous Carcinoma: A more aggressive form that tends to spread quickly.
• Clear Cell Carcinoma: A rare type that also has a more aggressive nature.
• Uterine Carcinosarcoma: Contains both cancerous endometrial and muscle tissue cells.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer, including:

- Age (most common in women over 50)

- Obesity

- Hormonal imbalances, especially excess oestrogen

- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

- Family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer

- Use of oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy

- Tamoxifen use (a medication for breast cancer treatment)

- Diabetes and hypertension

Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer

Early detection is possible as endometrial cancer often presents with noticeable symptoms, including:

- Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting, particularly after menopause

- Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding

- Pelvic pain or discomfort

- Pain during intercourse

- Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis

If endometrial cancer is suspected, your healthcare provider may recommend the following tests:

• Pelvic Exam: To check for abnormalities in the uterus.
• Transvaginal Ultrasound: To examine the endometrium and detect abnormalities.
• Endometrial Biopsy: A sample of endometrial tissue is taken and examined for cancer cells.
• Hysteroscopy: A thin, lighted tube is used to view the inside of the uterus.
• Dilation and Curettage (D&C): A more extensive biopsy to confirm diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Treatment for endometrial cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer, and may include:

• Surgery: Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is often the primary treatment, sometimes accompanied by the removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes.
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells, often used after surgery.
• Chemotherapy: Drugs used to kill cancer cells, typically for advanced or recurrent cancer.
• Hormone Therapy: Used to block hormones that fuel cancer growth.
• Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Specialized treatments for advanced cancer cases.

Prevention and Early Detection

While not all cases are preventable, the following measures may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer:

- Maintaining a healthy weight

- Regular physical activity

- Managing conditions like diabetes and hypertension

- Using a combination of estrogen and progesterone if hormone therapy is necessary

- Routine gynaecological exams and prompt evaluation of any abnormal bleeding

Conclusion

Endometrial cancer is often detected early, leading to a higher chance of successful treatment. Recognizing the symptoms and maintaining regular check-ups are crucial. If you experience any signs of abnormal bleeding or pelvic pain, seek medical advice for timely diagnosis and management.