Vulval Cancer

Understanding Vulval Cancer

Vulval cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface of the female genitalia, called the vulva. It often affects the outer lips of the vagina (labia majora) but can also develop in other areas, including the inner lips (labia minora), clitoris, and vaginal opening.

Types of Vulval Cancer

The main types of vulval cancer include:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, accounting for about 90% of vulval cancers.
• Adenocarcinoma: Originates in the Bartholin glands or sweat glands.
• Melanoma: A rare type that develops from pigment-producing cells.
• Basal Cell Carcinoma: Another rare form, typically found in older women.

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase the risk of vulval cancer include:

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: A significant risk factor.

Age: More common in women over 50.

Chronic Vulval Conditions: Such as lichen sclerosus.

Weakened Immune System: Due to HIV or immunosuppressive medications.

Smoking: Increases the risk of developing vulval cancer.

History of Precancerous Conditions: Such as vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN).

Symptoms of Vulval Cancer

Early-stage vulval cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, common symptoms include:

- Persistent itching, pain, or tenderness

- Lumps or ulcers on the vulva

- Abnormal bleeding or discharge

- Changes in vulvalskin color or texture

- A visible wart-like or open sore

Diagnosis

To diagnose vulvalcancer, your doctor may perform the following:

• Pelvic Exam: To check for abnormalities.
• Colposcopy/Vulvoscopy: A magnified examination of the vulva.
• Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken for laboratory analysis.
• Imaging Tests: Such as CT scans, MRI, or PET scans to determine if the cancer has spread.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage and type of vulval cancer and may include:

• Surgery: The most common treatment, which may involve removing part or all of the vulva (vulvectomy).
• Radiation Therapy: Often used after surgery or for advanced cases.
• Chemotherapy: Used in combination with radiation for advanced or recurrent cancer.
• Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Used in specific cases to target cancer cells.

Prevention and Early Detection

While vulval cancer cannot always be prevented, the following steps may reduce your risk:

• HPV Vaccination: Protects against HPV infection, a major cause of vulval cancer.
• Regular Gynaecological Exams: Early detection is possible through routine check-ups.
• Quit Smoking: Reduces the risk of vulval and other cancers.
• Self-Examinations: Be aware of any changes in your vulval area and report them to your doctor.

Conclusion

Vulval cancer is a rare but treatable condition when detected early. Awareness of symptoms, regular screenings, and preventative measures such as HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the risk. If you experience any symptoms, consult with your healthcare provider for timely evaluation and care.